What Is Fascism? A Detailed Guide to a Dangerous Philosophy

Fascists Demand Unquestioned Patriotism

As stated previously, nationalism is the defining characteristic of fascism. All the other features of fascism are tied in one way or another to nationalism.

When the nation-state is threatened, people don’t abandon their nationalistic identities. But when people face scarcity, they naturally become tribal—they must protect their own, but they still identify their country as their “tribe.” Nationalism makes fascism harder to identify. Communism everywhere looks the same, but fascism always looks like the country it is born in. Fascist Italy sought to return to the glory of Rome. Nazi Germans longed for a third reich, but most Americans couldn’t even tell you what the first two were.

But American fascism must glorify the trappings of Americana: picket fences, apple pie, classic rock and the nuclear family. The music, food, clothing of other cultures can be offensive to the fascist because they feel their own culture is under attack.

Regardless If You’re Conservative or Progressive…

Patriots are engaged citizens who understand that part of shaping policy may require criticism or even protest. A fascist believes that no one should be allowed to speak out against the government and those who do should be met with violence.

Fascists Always Have a Scapegoat

This is the second-most important feature of fascism, behind nationalism. Other political groups may fear their country has fallen into disgrace, but fascism always aims the blame on outsiders who are changing the definition of what it means to be American. Because fascists fear their culture is being threatened, they are hostile to immigrants and those who don’t fit the nationalist ideal (e.g. queers, druggies, African-Americans, etc.). Under the pressures of real economic hardship, the fascist believes the problem can be solved by getting rid of of some undesirable group. Even people who who are against racism in a general sense may turn to scapegoating when they feel their country is changing in frightening ways. Times are tough and they have to protect their own.

After Trump’s deportation of immigrants (and after the refugees are sent home to die) doesn’t cure America’s economic woes, will the anti-Muslim and anti-Mexican movements be stopped? Or will they begin to target Mexicans and Muslims who were born here? Once a group has determined to spurn its own citizens, there is no “away” to send them to. The next step is for them to be imprisoned or murdered. Because fascism cures nothing, the quest for purity is a downward spiral that ends in genocide.

Regardless If You’re Conservative or Progressive…

The American patriot is proud of the words on the Statue of Liberty, “give me your tired, your poor huddled masses,” and proud to be a safe haven built on promise and human rights. The fascists shrink the definition of human rights so that it applies not to all people, or all Americans, but to an ever-smaller tribe.

Fascists Are Authoritarian

Vox has a fascinating article every American should read, about how authoritarianism may be triggered by feelings of loss and fear from the changes brought by foreigners. Don’t like reading? Here’s a short video from Vox.

When this innate instinct is triggered, the person seeks out the protection of a strong leader who promises a return to a better time, to make the country great again, by purging it of foreigners, leftists or other undesirable people. To the fascist, it’s OK that their leader is a bully. They believe he must be mean and strong in order to protect them. Masculinity and cruelty are praised because they feel in need of protection.

The Cult of Personality

Their leader is a father figure, both disciplinarian and protector. Of course every president fills this role, but as a revolutionary the fascist leader comes from outside the political establishment. Fascism is in reaction to the failure of the state to provide for the people, both Democrat and Republican.

The fascist leader offers easy solutions. A showman, he uses simple, superlative language. Bureaucracy? Regulation? The fascist is suspicious of any policy that takes a book’s worth of text. If it can’t be understood by the “common man,” it’s probably malarkey. Thus, fascists don’t unite around a policy or economic plan. Rather they entrust their future to a leader who promises a new golden age, using whatever might is necessary. This leader must captivate the people or they won’t fall for the snake oil of scapegoating immigrants and minorities.

Fascists Are Reactionary

American Fascists yearn to make America white again

Frightened of a changing world, the American fascist wants to return to a time when the American Dream felt possible, and working men had pension plans and two-car garages and enough money to raise a family. The American fascist believes minorities and elites are the reason this dream is broken, and since those people aren’t “true Americans” the best solution is to free us of their influence…by imprisoning, deporting or executing them.

Regardless If You’re Conservative or Progressive…

A patriot knows there is no man who is above the rule of law, a fascist believes their leader has the authority to ignore and reshape the law as he pleases. The patriot doesn’t see the past through rose-colored glasses. Nor is the patriot willing to sacrifice fundamental rights to return America to her greatest glory.

Fascism Is Populist…but Anti-Intellectual

The best thing fascism has going for it is that it’s a movement of the people. This was hard to understand when reading our history books. How could people advocate genocide and authoritarianism? (The answers: anger [at their “stolen” country] and fear [a strong leader will protect them.]) Populism is a wonderful thing, but the philosophy and emotion of fascism is like an angry mob. They disdain measured, rational responses and prefer swift acts violence that prove our nation’s strength.

 Fascists Disdain Intellectuals

Fascists (both historically and presently) tend to be from the shrinking middle class, such as small business owners. Despite this, fascists tend to idealize the hard-working salt-of-the-earth common man, ready for action. The opposite of the common man is the intellectual: lazy, entitled, sitting in his ivory tower, with his cushy taxpayer-paid job, making new rules the patriot must follow. It’s easy to disdain those who don’t trust science and reason. But can you blame them? Trusting the elites led their empire to crumble and fall. “A new study” always seems to contradict last week’s study. So they don’t trust studies. They don’t respect the authority of scientists or professors.

Historically both Mussolini and Hitler were fans of action for action’s sake. In Mussolini’s “Doctrine of Fascism,” he says “Fascism desires an active man, one engaged in activity with all his energies: it desires a man conscious of the difficulties that exist in action and ready to face them.” The spirit of think-first-ask-questions-later doesn’t align with quiet study and contemplation.

As fascism scholar Robert Paxton said,

It’s…the aggressive style, the assertion of strength and the image presented of somebody who’s not going to be bothered by little things like the rule of law or political correctness or being polite, and will actually get things done.

Regardless If You’re Conservative or Progressive…

The culmination of the Age of Enlightenment, a period of history that sought to improve the world through reason, culminated in the American Revolution. The patriot wants our president to make decisions based on research, not hunches. Regardless of our party, Americans value what our scientists, academics and scholars can do to make the world better.

Fascists Advocate Violence

To be clear, most revolutionary movements advocate violence. The fascist movement only endorses violence when it is in service of obedience to the leader, as a punishment for minorities, or in the name of the nation.

Fascists Believe in Obedience

Like this but not a joke

The fascist believes society is falling apart. They see too much decadence, too many loose moral values, too much materialism. The society must be punished, severely if necessary, like a father disciplines a naughty child.

To the extreme nationalist, total devotion must be entrusted in the protectors of the state: the military and police. Those who do not obey deserve punishment. Thus if the media or protestors criticize *America, they deserve bad things to happen to them. America is not to be questioned.

As a revolutionary movement, fascists do not obey those in power before them. Thus plenty of fascists are happy to criticize Obama and every member of the Republican party. The fascist doesn’t see themselves as represented by the establishment of either party.

Fascists Reward Violence Among Their Followers

Fascists believe its a dog-eat-dog world. It’s a movement born of people coping with the fall of empire. Fascists have suffered, and they want it to stop, even if it means that someone else must suffer in the process. Some of them see violence as a temporary, unpleasant necessity to purify the nation, so it can be reborn great again. Others believe in social Darwinism, and view liberal ideas about fairness as naive.

They were promised an American dream, feel entitled to it, and that dream seems increasingly impossible. Thus when their compatriots embrace violent rhetoric or action, they are praised.

When many recoil in horror from the violence at Trump rallies, collectively Trump supporters feel stronger. It doesn’t bother them when Trump hints second Amendment advocates should murder journalists, because he’s on their side. He’s protecting them from a harsh world.

Fascists Glorify the Military, Police

As the arbiters of obedience, police are idealized in a fascist state. In an altercation between police and citizens, the police are always right. Police violence against undesirable people is thought to be deserved regardless of whether or not a crime has been committed. Undesirable people include protesters, minorities, immigrants, queers and political opposition. They believe authority in general and police in particular should be respected and obeyed. They have nothing to fear from the police, which is just an arm of the state, their father/protector from the barbarians at the gate.

Regardless If You’re Conservative or Progressive…

The patriot is protected from the violence of the state by the Bill of Rights. Regardless of your political party, you know you must grant these to each and every American. To the fascist, the Bill of Rights is just a piece of paper.

Fascists Are Against the Press

One of the dangers of extreme nationalists is that they will not tolerate any criticism of their country. This puts them at odds with journalists looking to expose their scapegoating, violence and lies.  Moreover, because fascists are anti-intellectual, they will turn against any media that doesn’t parrot the narrative of their leader. If the people running our country are going to spout lies, journalists will be their natural enemies.

This is why the free press is so critical to a functioning democracy. They act as an additional, but independent, check on the government.

Try to imagine what it must have felt like to see our candidate mocked at every turn on The Late Show, The Daily Show, SNL and basically every show that touches on social commentary. Try to imagine every news show (save Fox of course) saying over and over your candidate couldn’t possibly win, because Americans couldn’t be that stupid. Bad journalism has engendered the idea that American journalism can’t be trusted.

Regardless If You’re Conservative or Progressive…

“Freedom of the press” is not a nicety. The patriot understands that meddlesome journalists are critical to a functioning democracy. Fascists cover their ears when they hear any voice that counters the view of their leader.